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Chapter1LandandPeopleGreatBritainisthelargestislandinEurope.ItismadeupofEngland,Scotland,andWales.TogetherwithNorthernIreland,itformstheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernlreland.Thisisthefullnameofthecountrywhichconstitutesalltheseplaces.TheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland,ortheUnitedKingdom,is“theUK"forshort.However,mostpeoplecalltheUK”Britain"or“GreatBritain,”andsomepeoplesimplysay“England,"whichisincorrectandparticularlyannoystheScots.Accordingtothe2011census,thetotalpopulationoftheUKwasaround63million.Itisthethird-largestintheEuropeanUnion(behindGermanyandFranceandthe22nd-largestintheworld.TheUKisadevelopedcountry.Accordingto2013statisticsithasthesixth-largestnationaleconomyintheworld(andthird-largestinEuropemeasuredbynominalGDPandeighth-largestintheworld(andsecond-largestinEuropemeasuredbypurchasingpowerparity(PPP.Itwastheworld'sfirstindustrializedcountryandtheworld'sforemostpowerduringthe19thandearly20thcenturies.TheUKremainsagreatpowerbecauseitstillhasconsiderableeconomic,cultural,military,scientificandpoliticalinfluenceinternationally.ThecapitaloftheUKisLondon,whichisamongtheworld'sleading
commercial,financial,andculturalcenters.OthermajorcitiesincludeBirmingham,Liverpool,andManchesterinEngland,BelfastandLondonderryinNorthernIreland,EdinburghandGlasgowinScotland,andSwanseaandCardiffinWales.I.GeographicalFeatures1.TheUK'sGeographicalLocationandItsSizeTheUKisborderedonthesouthbytheEnglishChannel.ItisborderedontheeastbytheNorthSea,andonthewestbytheIrishSeaandtheAtlanticOcean.TheUK'sonlylandborderwithanothernationisbetweenNorthernIrelandandIreland.TheUKisseparatedfromtherestofEuropebytheEnglishChannel.TheEnglishChannelbetweenEnglandandFranceisquitenarrowandthenarrowestpartiscalledtheSuraitsofDover,whichisonly33kmacross.In1985theBritishgovernmentandtheFrenchgovernmentdecidedtobuildachanneltunnelundertheStraitsofDoversothatEnglandandFrancecouldbejoinedtogetherbyroad.Aftereightyearsofhardworkthischanneltunnel,whichiscalled"Chunnel,”wasopentotrafficinMay1994.TheUKcoversatotalareaof244,110sqkm.ltruns1,000kmfromnorthtosouthandextends,atthewidestpart,about500km.SonopartoftheUKisveryfarfromthecoastanditprovidesavaluableresource.TheBritishcoastislongand
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